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• The VESS is proposed to facilitate the conversion to a low carbon power system. • A VESS consisting of flexible demand and conventional FESS is firstly formulated. • The VESS is controlled to provide fast firm amount of dynamic frequency response. • The VESS provides frequency response at a lower cost compared with only using FESS. • The VESS reduces the costly spinning reserve capacity from fossil-fuel generators. This paper forms a Virtual Energy Storage System (VESS) and validates that VESS is an innovative and cost-effective way to provide the function of conventional Energy Storage Systems (ESSs) through the utilization of the present network assets represented by the flexible demand. The VESS is a solution to convert to a low carbon power system and in this paper, is modelled to store and release energy in response to regulation signals by coordinating the Demand Response (DR) from domestic refrigerators in a city and the response from conventional Flywheel Energy Storage Systems (FESSs). The coordination aims to mitigate the impact of uncertainties of DR and to reduce the capacity of the costly FESS. The VESS is integrated with the power system to provide the frequency response service, which contributes to the reduction of carbon emissions through the replacement of spinning reserve capacity of fossil-fuel generators. Case studies were carried out to validate and quantify the capability of VESS to vary the stored energy in response to grid frequency. Economic benefits of using VESS for frequency response services were estimated.
Cheng et al. (Thu,) studied this question.