Waste-based fuels as part of sustainable mobility

One of the main challenges for sustainable and new energy-based mobility is the development of alternative fuels, particularly those produced from waste. This paper aims to review the scientific literature on waste-based fuels and identify key technological, economic, and environmental trends. The paper presents a two-stage methodology: first, a quantitative analysis was conducted using the Scopus database. A qualitative evaluation of relevant studies follows it. The results of the analysis indicate that research primarily focuses on the pyrolysis of plastic waste and high-calorific fractions, as well as the biorefinery concept. In contrast, catalytic and thermochemical processes are the primary focus of the technological approaches. Waste-based fuels offer savings of up to 43% compared to fossil fuels and a favourable emissions profile; however, economic viability and regulatory frameworks remain significant challenges. The study concludes that widespread adoption requires an integrated approach that combines technological innovation, economic incentives, and life cycle assessments.