A review on adaptive power system protection schemes for future smart and micro grids, challenges and opportunities

Power system protection is crucial for maintaining the stability and reliability of the electricity grids and preventing costly disruptions. Conventional protection devices operate on pre-defined fixed settings and are no longer sufficient to ensure system stability and reliability in today's dynamic and complex electricity grids. With the rise of distributed renewable energy sources and the ability to reconfigure network topologies, an adaptive protection scheme has become necessary to quickly respond to changes in network configuration. This paper provides a state-of-the-art review of research efforts in the field of adaptive protection schemes, including the use of the IEC 61,850 protocol to incorporate automation opportunities. The IEC 61,850 protocol provides a standardized approach for communication between protection devices and the overall control system, enabling more efficient data sharing and reducing the need for manual intervention. This review paper is helpful for researchers, engineers, and policymakers involved in the development and implementation of adaptive protection schemes, enabling them to make informed decisions about the most effective strategies for ensuring the stability and reliability of modern power systems.