Cognate antigen engagement induces HIV-1 expression in latently infected CD4+ T cells from people on long-term antiretroviral therapy

cells) and significantly increased HIV-1 transcription (median 4-fold), mostly through the induction of rare cells with higher viral expression. Thus, despite low proviral inducibility, antigen recognition can promote HIV-1 expression, potentially contributing to spontaneous reservoir activity and viral rebound upon ART interruption.