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A. Thomas McLellan, George E. Woody, David Metzger, James McKay, Jack Durell, Arthur I. Alterman, Charles P. O'Brien, Evaluating the Effectiveness of Addiction Treatments: Reasonable Expectations, Appropriate Comparisons, The Milbank Quarterly, Vol. 74, No. 1 (1996), pp. 51-85
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McLellan et al. (1996) studied this question.
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