Emerging threat of Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) and strategies for its containment and control

Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has emerged as a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals. Although HMPV is commonly associated with mild to moderate respiratory illness, its potential to cause severe disease has raised concerns and has alarmed the global public health. This review aims to provide an overview of the current understanding of HMPV epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, and available therapeutic options. Furthermore, we discuss strategies for the containment of HMPV, including preventive measures, surveillance programs, and the development of vaccines and antiviral therapies, with a focus on the International Health Regulations (IHR) and pandemic preparedness activities. • Human Metapneumovirus (HMPV) has emerged as a significant respiratory pathogen, particularly affecting children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals in recent times. • In 2025, HMPV infections continued to rise, especially in the context of the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. • Although HMPV is commonly associated with mild to moderate respiratory illness, its potential to cause severe disease has raised concerns and has alarmed the global public health. • Increased surveillance and global monitoring along with Improved awareness and rapid diagnostics are crucial for mitigating any outbreaks of HMPV.