Resistance breaking: integrated genomic and phenotypic insights into Orthotospovirus tomatomaculae strains overcoming Sw-5b and Tsw resistance

Figures

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  Fig. 1. Hypersensitive reaction and accumulation of TSWV in different cultivars (A) Bioassay assessing the hypersensitive response (HR) of the leaves of resistant and susceptible cultivars of tomato and pepper Tom-BL1, Tom-BL2, Tom-CA, Tom-MX, Pep-BL and Pep-Non-RB inoculated with TSWV (six strains) at 5 days post-inoculation (DPI). Sw-5b (+): resistant tomato (Celebrity); Sw-5b (-): susceptible tomato (Hot-Ty); Tsw (+): resistant pepper (Procraft); Tsw (-): susceptible pepper (Anaheim). B TSWV copies per ng of RNA upon inoculation of six strains (Tom-BL1, Tom-BL2, Tom-CA, Tom-MX, Pep-BL and Pep-Non-RB) in their original host and (C) in cross-inoculated hosts (tomato strains in pepper and vice versa). Sw-5b (+): resistant tomato (Celebrity); Sw-5b (-): susceptible tomato (Hot-Ty); Tsw (+): resistant pepper (Procraft); Tsw (-): susceptible pepper (Anaheim). TSWV copies were quantified from the topmost leaf at 30 DPI via RT‒qPCR. Different letters on the graph bar indicate significant differences at P<0.05

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  Fig. 2. TSW symptoms in sap-inoculated tomato or pepper plants inoculated with TSWV strains. Representative orthotospoviral symptoms observed in both resistant and susceptible cultivars upon sap inoculation of different TSWV strains (Tom-BL1, Tom-BL2, Tom-CA, Tom-MX, Pep-BL and Pep-Non-RB). A, B Severe stunting, chlorotic and necrotic spots and bronzing of leaves; C Size reduction, shaking, mosaic mottling and puckering of leaves; D Leaf reduction and puckering, mosaic mottling of leaves; E, F Chlorotic rings, mosaic mottling and stunting

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  Fig. 3. TSWV accumulation in sap inoculated with two different resistant tomato and pepper cultivars. Phylogenetic analysis based on nucleotide sequences of the complete genome and the NSm gene of the tomato group. Bayesian trees based on (A) the complete genome and (B) the NSm gene of the tomato group constructed using MrBayes v3.2.7 and the GTR+I+G4 and HKY+G4 models, respectively, and visualized in Interactive Tree of Life v7.3

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  Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis based on the nucleotide sequences of the S-segment and NSs gene of the pepper group. Bayesian trees based on the (A) S-segment and (B) NSs genes of the pepper group constructed using MrBayes v3.2.7 and HKY+G4 models and visualized in Interactive Tree of Life v7.3

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  Fig. 5. Sliding window analysis of various segments of the TSWV strains. Sliding window analysis using a window size of 200 nucleotides and a step size of 20 nucleotides in the tomato group for the (A) L-segment, (B) M-segment, and (C) S-segment (D) NSm genes and in the pepper group for the (E) S-segment and (F) NSs genes