Integrating ecosystem stress into the assessment of ecosystem health in karst areas and exploring its driving factors

• Ecological stress is brought into the framework of ecosystem health assessment in karst area. • Landscape configuration and socio-economic factors are the main driving factors of ecosystem health pattern in karst regions. • The relationship between EHI and its driving factors in karst region is spatiotemporal heterogeneity at county scale. Accurately evaluating the degree of ecosystem health and comprehending its drivers are of crucial importance for ecosystem management and restoration in fragile ecoregions. Adopting an ecosystem stress perspective, this investigation scientifically diagnosed ecosystem health in Guizhou Province, a typical karst fragile ecological area, by developing a “Vigor-Organization-Resilience-Stress” (VORS) regional ecosystem health assessment framework. The principal driving factors and their spatio-temporal heterogeneity influencing ecosystem health in karst regions were investigated using geographic detectors and geographically and temporally weighted regression. Our findings indicated that: (1) The ecosystem health in Guizhou province presents a spatial distribution pattern of lower in the western region and higher in the eastern region, and the average ecosystem health index (EHI) in 2000, 2010 and 2020 is 0.194, 0.246 and 0.254 respectively, indicating that the overall ecosystem health level in Guizhou province has improved with the passage of time. (2) The spatiotemporal variation of ecosystem stress in Guizhou Province is substantial; the pressure associated with land use is projected to increase, whereas the intensity of stress attributed to rocky desertification and soil erosion is anticipated to diminish over time. (3) The primary determinants influencing the health of ecosystems in karst environments are the social and economic elements. These factors progressively amplify their effect on ecosystem health as time passes. The new assessment framework we have established includes ecosystem integrity and ecological threats faced by the ecosystem, which provides a new perspective for understanding the complex internal characteristics of karst areas and the coupling relationship between human and natural ecosystems. The results of this study can provide scientific reference for land use and ecological management policies in fragile ecological areas.