An experimental study to determine the orientation of surface structures with respect to atomic-bond direction is presented. The As-stabilized (2×4) and C(2×8), and Ga-stabilized (4×2) and C(8×2) surface structures all have their twofold direction parallel to the plane containing the dangling surface bonds and perpendicular to that of the back bonds.
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A. Y. Cho (1976) studied this question.