The Reconstruction of Proto-Malayo-Javanic

a 2.6.1.1.PMJ penultimate and ultimate a. PMJ penultimate and ultimate a appears as Sundanese, Old Javanese, and Malay a. PMJ ultimate a before PMJ -q (which disappearp.d in Javanese, Malay, and in Central and East Madurese, see section 2.15.2.3.)became NJv.-0.PMJ penultimate a before PMJ ultimate a before PMJ -q also became NJv.O. Otherwise PMJ penultimate and ultimate a appear as NJv.a.The Madurese reflexes are á and a (distributed according to the Madurese vowel alternation rule given in section 1.8.3.1.):*qapaq (PAN, Sa. t-aha 'what': ?apa?), OJv.apa, NJv.öpO (L), Mal.apa, Mad.apa(h) 'what'.*kitaq (PAN, To., Fu. kita 'I': kita?), Snd.kitaq, OJv.kita 'you', NJv.kito 'we, us' (B), 'I, my, mine' (0), Mal.kita , 'we; you and I', Mad.kèta 'I'.*lambUQ(PWI, TBt.lambun 'side'), Snd.lambuU 'the hollow space under the ribs on the side', OJv.lambuU' NJv.lamb6U' Mal.lamboD 'side, flank', Mad.lambhuD 'the sides of the body above the hip'.*rampas (PHN, Tag.gá:pas 'cutting': Rampas), Snd.rampas 'to loot ', OJv.r-in-ampas 'looted', NJv., Mal., Mad.rampas 'to loot'.*siUgah, Snd.siUgah 'to go out of the way', OJv.s-um-iUgah 'went out', NJv.siUgah (0) 'to avoid', Mad.sèo9há 'to withdraw'.2.6.1.2.PMJ antepenultimate a. PMJ antepenultimate a appears as Sundanese and Old Javanese a, and became New Javenese and Malay a, New Javanese and Malay i when originally followed by PMJ -q (which was lost, see section 2.15.2.3.).Otherwise it became New Javanese é and Malay e: *gantiq (PHN, Tag.gantf 'requital': ganti), Snd.gantiq (L) 'to change', OJv.g-um-anti 'to follow', NJv.ganti (DJ 'in place of', Mal.ganti, Mad.ghántè(h) 'to replace'.*jahit (PAN, Sm. sai-sai 'to bind together': zaqit), OJv.j-inahit 'cut apart (7)', NJv.jaát, Mal.jahet, Mad.jháiq 'to sew'.*kamunin, Snd., OJv.kamunin, NJv.kamuné n , Mal. kamuneU' Mad.kamonè o 'kind of plant'.*qujiq26 (PHN, Tag.qu:riq 'carat': uzi), Snd.qujiq 'to examine metals', NJv.uji (0), Mal.uji 'to test silver or gold'.New Javanese exhibits è as a dialectal reflex of PMJ i before consonants other than PMJ -q: *gapit (PWI, TBt.gappit 'to pinch': gampit), Snd.Bad.gapit, NJv.gapét, gapèt (0) 'nipper, clamp', Mad. S. and Mad.Kang.ghápèq 'nipper'.*guliU (PWI, TBt.guliU 'rolled'), Snd.gu~guliU 'roll-cushion', gu-guliu-an 'to roll, swing back and forth', OJv. an pa-gulin-an 'revolving', NJv.guléu 'roll-cushion', O-g6léU' o-gólèn (0) 'to swing back and forth, incline (of a ship), slanting', Mal.guléU,goleU 'to rollover', Mad.ghulin, Mad. S. ghu-ghuliU 'roll-cushion'.*rapih, Snd.rapih 'to be good with one another, of one opinion', NJv.rapéh (0) (0), rapèh (0) 'completely free (of pain), clear, in order', Mad.rap~ 'attached, devoted to'.In instances 1ike the fo11owing Sundanese exhibits e as reflex of u1timate *i: *kuniO (PWI, NgD.k5niu-an 'brass'), Snd.konen, OJv.kunin, NJv.kunéQ, Mal.kuniU' Mad.kön~Ü 'yellow'.*tajin, Snd.tajen, NJv.tajén, Mal.tajen 'stareh, made of rice-f1our', Mad.tajhin 'mash, pap'.2.6.2.2.PMJ penu1timate i. PMJ penu1timate appears as Sundanese, 01d and New Javanese, and Ma1ay i.It became Madurese i or è (distributed according to the vowe1 alternation ru1e given in section 1.8.3.1.):*gi1aq (PAN, Fi. ki1a 'wild': gi1a?h),Snd.gi1aq 'shy, mad, scared', OJv.gi1a 'to shudder', NJv.gi1b 'not wise, be mad, to abhor', Mal.gi1a, Mad.ghi1á(h) 'mad, menta11y 111'.*h1riq (PHN, Tag.h{:liq 'stimulus': hiri), Snd.hiriq 'bad, jea1ous', OJv.aU-iri, ma-hiry-y-a 'jealous', NJv.irèn (=iri+an) 'jealous' (0), Mal.(h)iri hati 'spite, malice', Mad.~rè(h) 'jealous' .*ki1a~, OJv., NJv.ki1aQ 'sugar-syrup', Mal.Sumo ki1aQ 'a fermented drink obtained from cane-sugar or pa1m-sugar', Mad.kè1aQ 'thick syrup out of which sugar is made'.PMJ penultimate i before PMJ -aw, and PMJ -ay (which became Snd.oq, eq respective1y, see sections 2.7.1.3.1.and 2.7.2.4.2.) became Snd.e.Let us first consider examp1es of PMJ i before PMJ -aw: *hijaw (PHN, Tag.h{:raw 'cock with green feathers': hizaw), Snd.hejoq, OJv.a-hijo, NJv.ijó (L), Mal.(h)ijaw 'green', Mad.èjhu(h) in ffèyor èjhu(h) 'kind of coconut with a green55 skin'.*limaw (PAN, orange'), Snd.1emoq, OJv.lima, Mal.1imaw, 'citrus-fruit' probab1y is a loan from a dialect or 1anguage such as Javanese in which *i before *-aw became i.A simi1ar instance of Snd.i before *-aw