Toward More Recyclable and Sustainable Lithium-Ion Batteries

The rapid rise of electric vehicles has driven significant advancements in lithium-ion battery (LIB) technology. However, the pursuit of higher power, longer lifespan, and greater capacity has often overshadowed critical factors such as recyclability, material sustainability, and environmental impact. To ensure the long-term viability of LIBs, future developments must strike a balance between performance and sustainability. This review advocates for the design of next-generation battery components using abundant, environmentally friendly, and sustainable materials that minimize reliance on intensive mining and refining processes. Key innovations include metal-free electrodes, nonmetallic current collectors, solid-state electrolytes, biodegradable components, anode-free configurations, and water-soluble binders for electrode fabrication. We provide a comprehensive assessment of recent progress in these areas, discuss challenges for practical implementation, and outline future directions for advancing these technologies. By offering a forward-looking perspective on innovative battery materials and designs, this review provides valuable insights into the sustainable evolution of LIBs.