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Although gesture-based input and augmented reality (AR) facilitate intuitive human-robot interactions (HRI), prior implementations have relied on research-grade hardware and software. This paper explores using tablets to render mixed-reality visual environments that support human-robot collaboration for object manipulation. A mobile interface is created on a tablet by integrating real-time vision, 3D graphics, touchscreen interaction, and wireless communication. This mobile interface augments a live video of physical objects in a robot's workspace with corresponding virtual objects that can be manipulated by a user to intuitively command the robot to manipulate the physical objects. By generating the mixed-reality environment on an exocentric view provided by the tablet camera, the interface establishes a common frame of reference for the user and the robot to effectively communicate spatial information for object manipulation. After addressing challenges due to limitations in mobile sensing and computation, the interface is evaluated with participants to examine the performance and user experience with the suggested approach.
Frank et al. (2016) studied this question.