Who’s that lady? — Applying open source intelligence in a history context

• Making use of mostly AI-enabled open source intelligence tools and techniques in combination with black open access and specialist databases with digitized content we were able to finally identify three women on a group photograph from 1913 portraying 11 people among which Albert Einstein. • The breakthrough for identifying them, an additional one in another photograph, and a male in yet another picture is due to the use of AI-technology, the deep web and black open access. • Because the history of these people is scarcely documented and certainly not systematically investigated, it seems that the only way to gain access to their history is an approach where in huge amounts of documents their sparse traces might be combined into a coherent story. • We hope to have shown that initiatives like Google Books, the Hathitrust, the Internet Archive digitization initiative, the many local initiatives to digitize content and black open access overarching many and diverse documents provide unprecedented possibilities for history research in general and for the history of women in particular. During a network analysis of the Dutch astronomer and psychologist Rebekka Aleida Biegel (1886–1943), we stumbled upon an often investigated group photo that most likely shows two of her close friends and a third woman posing with Albert Einstein among others in a chemistry laboratory in Zurich while having a tea party. Using data from the Dark Web, face recognition, open source intelligence (OSINT) tools, and artificial intelligence (AI) techniques, we found in total four group portraits of this gathering and were able to determine the true identities of the three women, as well as one of the unknown men in one of the photos, with a very high degree of certainty. Moreover, we determined the exact day and time the photographs were taken: June 30, 1913 around 4:30 PM. After more than a century, the many riddles surrounding these group photos have been solved. By resolving the many questions regarding the (material) historical context of this iconic photograph of Einstein, three years before he published his theory of relativity, new light has been shed on one of the most exciting periods in the history of science. Our innovative research methodology—including AI, Dark Web, and OSINT—enabled us to reconstruct elements of the past of these totally forgotten and heavily marginalized women from many and diverse scattered and unassuming sources and revealed that their place in the history of physics is even more significant than thought. They, too, were part of Einstein’s huge sounding board in the form of his weekly colloquium and had precise astrophysical calculations to add; an indispensible ingredient for proving Einstein’s theory of relativity.