Electrochemical transducers for in vivo monitoring

Electrochemical sensors have seen extensive development in recent years, particularly with regard to their use in biological fluids. Their facility for near‐reagentless assay, together with an ability to generate a continuous signal, has made them an ideal choice for in vivo monitoring. Both Amperometric and potentiometric devices have been fabricated for practical monitoring. Ions, gases, and metabolites have been assayed, thereby providing useful biological and clinical insights. This view provides a description of the major types of electrochemical sensors used in vivo, together with some of the problems associated with their biological interfacing for both extracorporeal and invasive monitoring.