Howard's resolution of the Prisoner's Dilemma paradox is based on the notion of a meta-strategy, which bears the same relation to strategy as the latter does to the move of the game. That is, a meta-strategy is a program that specifies a choice of strategy conditional upon the choice of strategy by the other player. Knowledge of the other's actual choice of strategy is not assumed any more than the knowledge of the other's future moves in the formulation of an ordinary strategy.
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Anatol Rapoport (1969) studied this question.