This research work presents a new energy management framework for Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCVs), combining a Hybrid Energy Storage System (HESS) with a High-Gain Non-Isolated DC-DC Converter and a bio-inspired Walrus Optimization Algorithm for Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT). The proposed system addresses challenges in dynamic energy coordination, fuel cell efficiency, and transient load response by integrating the fast dynamics of supercapacitors and the sustained power of lithium-ion batteries. Unlike conventional MPPT techniques, the Walrus MPPT achieves superior performance in terms of tracking efficiency (99.12%), reduced settling time and output ripple. The converter’s high voltage gain ensures compatibility with varying load and drive demands in electric traction systems. Comprehensive simulations under varying torque, speed, and pressure conditions validate the system’s dynamic performance, including a fuel cell power improvement and optimized battery-supercapacitor coordination. Conventional MPPT was compared across two drive cycles, demonstrating the Walrus algorithm’s consistent superiority. Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing on the OPAL-RT OP4510 platform further confirms real-time feasibility, achieving stable load-side power delivery and smooth motor operation. This framework offers a scalable solution for improving FCV energy efficiency, reducing hydrogen consumption, and contributing to sustainable automotive innovation.
Srividya et al. (2026) studied this question.