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June 1, 2026Open Access

Relationships Between Shared Group Properties: Theory, Measurement, Estimation, and Adjustment

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Authors

MMMark A. MaltarichPBPaul D. BieseNCNichelle C. Carpenter

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Overview

Review evaluates group-level constructs, showing common adjustments overestimate true relationships, suggesting alternatives.

Key Points

  • Evaluate the influence of individual-level relationships on group-mean correlations and the effectiveness of adjustment methods in meta-analysis.
  • Reviewed multilevel issues in estimating group-mean associations.
  • Conducted a Monte Carlo simulation study on the effectiveness of commonly used adjustments.
  • Applied the proposed adjustment method to existing literature examples.
  • Common adjustments frequently overestimate true relationships in meta-analyses.
  • Simulation results show significant deviations from population values due to adjustments.
  • Proposed a new adjustment approach that yields more accurate estimates.

Cite This Study

Maltarich et al. (2026) studied this question.

synapsesocial.com/papers/6a1d226d02fbce913063835fhttps://doi.org/10.1111/peps.70022">https://doi.org/10.1111/peps.70022</a></p
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