Divergent serum metabolomic, skeletal muscle signaling, transcriptomic, and performance adaptations to fasted versus whey protein-fed sprint interval training

These are the first data to show the influence of preexercise protein on serum and skeletal muscle metabolic adaptations to acute and short-term sprint interval training (SIT). Preexercise whey protein concentrate (WPC) or hydrolysate (WPH) feeding acutely affected the serum metabolome, which differentially influenced acute and chronic changes in mitochondrial gene expression, intracellular signaling (acetylation and PARylation) resulting in either similar or enhanced performance outcomes when compared with fasted training.