In as much as teaching implies a favorable learning situation it is self-evident that when the content to be mastered exceeds the potential ability of the pupil the learning situation is definitely unfavorable. In the main, the great majority of students have this potential ability but for some reason or other do not avail themselves to the extent which would seem warranted. In an empirical manner, it was observed that the effort which the pupils were willing to exert in order to learn specified content material varied greatly. It was further noted that the effort varied, to a significant degree, according to the expressed attitude of the pupil in question. Accordingly thequestion posited was: Is student attitude a factor in the mastery of commercial arithmetic?
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Albert L. Billig (1944) studied this question.