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Abstract Although the development of soil, vegetation, and atmosphere interaction models has been driven primarily by the need for accurate simulations of long-term energy and moisture budgets in global climate models, the importance of these processes at smaller scales for short-term numerical weather prediction and air quality studies is becoming more appreciated. Planetary boundary layer (PBL) development is highly dependent on the partitioning of the available net radiation into sensible and latent heat fluxes. Therefore, adequate treatmentof surface properties such as soil moisture and vegetation characteristics is essential for accurate simulation of PBL development, convective and low-level cloud processes, and the temperature and humidity of boundary layer air. In this paper, the development ofa simple coupled surface and PBL model, which is planned for incorporation into the Pennsylvania State University-National Center for Atmospheric Research Mesoscale Model (MM4/5), is described. The soil-vegetation model is based on a simple force-restore algorithm with explicit soil moisture and evapotranspiration. The PBL model is a hybrid of nonlocal closure for convective conditions and eddy diffusion for all other conditions. A one-dimensional version of the model has been applied to several case studies from field experiments in both dry desert-like conditions (Wangara) and moist vegetated conditions(First International Satellite Land Surface Climatology Project Field Experiment) to demonstrate the model's ability to realistically simulate surface fluxes as well as PBL development. This new surface-PBL model is currently being incorporated into the MM4-MM5 system.
Pleim et al. (Sun,) studied this question.