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This chapter examines the different strategies used by households and individuals to avoid consumption shortfalls caused by risk. It focuses on income-based strategies, assets as self-insurance, and informal insurance arrangements. Income-based strategies are limited due to entry constraints into profitable activities. Self-insurance is limited by access to assets and poor functioning of asset markets. Informal insurance arrangements are hampered by sustainability constraints, which exclude the poor from these arrangements.
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A 2004 study studied this question.
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