Electromagnetic gyrokinetic turbulence simulations employing Cyclone Base Case parameters are presented for β values up to and beyond the kinetic ballooning threshold. The β scaling of the turbulent transport is found to be linked to a complex interplay of linear and nonlinear effects. Linear investigation of the kinetic ballooning mode is performed in detail, while nonlinearly, it is found to dominate the turbulence only in a fairly narrow range of β values just below the respective ideal limit. The magnetic transport scales like β2 and is well described by a Rechester–Rosenbluth-type ansatz.
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Pueschel et al. (2008) studied this question.
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