This research examines term istihzāʾ in Q. al-Tawbah/9:64–66 using a semantic approach to trace its linguistic, historical, and contemporary significance. In the verses context, istihzāʾ refers to an act of ridicule by hypocrites aimed at discrediting Prophet Muḥammad, functioning as a form of persecution. Over time, its meaning has expanded to align with modern hate speech, which fosters discrimination and social marginalization. Q. 9:64–66 presents three ethical responses: rebuking through humor, defending dignity, and issuing warnings, emphasizing moral resistance rather than legal punishment. Contrary to interpretations linking these verses to blasphemy laws, they primarily serve as ethical guidance. This analysis highlights istihzāʾ as a moral concern relevant to contemporary discussions on hate speech and online harassment. This research provides an ethical contribution in the context of freedom of expression, emphasizing that voicing opinions should ultimately be conducted in a respectful manner.
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Irwan Ahmad Akbar (2025) studied this question.
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