Crown-substituted phthalocyanines—components of molecular ionoelectronic materials and devices

This review summarizes the synthetic approaches towards oxa-crown-substituted phthalocyanines (CRPc’s) including various metal complexes of s-, p-, d-, and f-elements. The template cyclotetramerization of phthalonitriles and direct metalation pathways for synthesis of target compounds are discussed and compared. It is demonstrated that obtained results have contributed to coordination, supramolecular, and materials chemistry of phthalocyanines in general. An analysis of the results published to date reveals the challenges of these compounds for their use in high-tech applications.