Theoretical and Practical Concerns about Small Groups in Mathematics

In reviewing current research and practice in mathematics instruction, some questions and issues arise concerning the use of small groups. The purposes of small-group work need to be considered in devising activities, forming groups, deciding the role of the teacher, choosing topics, and evaluating outcomes. Among the issues discussed are the following: the influence of theoretical frameworks on relevant research variables; whether groups should be composed homogeneously or heterogeneously according to ability, achievement, or gender; whether grouping should be stable or flexible; how topics or specific skills should affect the composition of groups; ethical concerns in evaluation of individuals and groups; and the role of teachers in small-group arrangements.