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In this study, it is aimed to analyze the effects of energy consumption, globalization and urbanization level on the environmental indicators together with the validity of the EKC hypothesis in Turkey. Accordingly, it is benefited from the ARDL bound test approach and asymmetric causality tests and the validity of the EKC hypothesis in Turkey is supported. In addition, it is concluded that the economic growth, energy consumption, urbanization level, globalization and CO2 variables are co-integrated. And in the asymmetric causality test results, it is seen that the energy consumption and economic growth led to environmental degradations, but on the other hand, economic globalization decreased the CO2 emission.
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Destek et al. (2015) studied this question.
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