Pyrethroid pesticides: An overview on classification, toxicological assessment and monitoring

Pyrethroid pesticides are one of the most important groups of pesticides used to reduce the pest population that cause farmers significant economic loss. Apart from that, it is widely used to control domestic insects and to care for animals. However, it is not soluble in water, it accumulates over time in food items that are directly consumed by humans and animals. Through surface runoff, it ends up in water bodies, where these yrethroid pesticides are very harmful to fish, crabs, lobsters, and turtles. In humans, it causes neurotoxicity, autism, and reproductive toxicity. whereas, in aquatic species, it produces severe oxidative stress and histopathological abnormalities. So, a quick detection method is required for this reason, so that we can avoid consuming pyrethroid-contaminated foods. In this review, we reviewed the uses and classes of pyrethroid group pesticides, their toxicity profiles to mammals and aquatic species, the method utilized for their detection, and a general overview of the recent advancement in the development of biosensors for real-time pyrethroid detection.