U.S. Immigration Officers of Mexican Ancestry as Mexican Americans, Citizens, and Immigration Police

U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS) officers of Mexican ancestry do not identify with Mexican and other Latin American immigrants. Instead, they understand themselves as U.S. citizens who reject both domestic racism and ethnic loyalties that cross national borders. Their selfunderstandings emerge from processes that include U.S. citizenship ideology and social mobility into primarylabormarket jobs with stability, benefits, and progressive careers. These processes insulate them from the experience of immigrants in casual and insecure labor markets devoid of social benefits. Thus they differ from immigrants not only in being on opposite sides of the bureaucratic encounter but also in being at opposite poles of bureaucratized social citizenship. This suggests that a cause of opposition to immigration in advanced capitalist societies is that citizenshipbased job and benefit systems restrict the scope of empathy.