Electroporation is now being used to transfer into cells a variety of macromolecules, including DNA, RNA, protein, fluorescent dyes, and some chemotherapeutic agents. With electrotransformation, as many as 80% of the cells receive exogenous DNA (). Chemical and natural methods of DNA transfer into bacteria are also effective for transforming bacteria, but they are more cumbersome and time-consuming, and generally less efficient than electrotransformation.
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Miller et al. (2003) studied this question.