Nitric Oxide and Hydrogen Sulfide Regulation of Ischemic Vascular Growth and Remodeling

Ischemic vascular remodeling occurs in response to stenosis or arterial occlusion leading to a change in blood flow and tissue perfusion. Altered blood flow elicits a cascade of molecular and cellular physiological responses leading to vascular remodeling of the macro‐ and micro‐circulation. Although cellular mechanisms of vascular remodeling such as arteriogenesis and angiogenesis have been studied, therapeutic approaches in these areas have had limited success due to the complexity and heterogeneous constellation of molecular signaling events regulating these processes. Understanding central molecular players of vascular remodeling should lead to a deeper understanding of this response and aid in the development of novel therapeutic strategies. Hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) and nitric oxide (NO) are gaseous signaling molecules that are critically involved in regulating fundamental biochemical and molecular responses necessary for vascular growth and remodeling. This review examines how NO and H 2 S regulate pathophysiological mechanisms of angiogenesis and arteriogenesis, along with important chemical and experimental considerations revealed thus far. The importance of NO and H 2 S bioavailability, their synthesis enzymes and cofactors, and genetic variations associated with cardiovascular risk factors suggest that they serve as pivotal regulators of vascular remodeling responses.