Key points are not available for this paper at this time.
persistence. We further highlight two major immune-dysregulation axes: excessive neutrophil extracellular trap formation with NLRP3-centered inflammatory amplification, and perforin-2 suppression linked to AIM2-mediated pyroptotic injury. We also appraise emerging immune-aware antibiofilm strategies, particularly quorum-sensing interference, enzymatic matrix disruption, phage therapy, and selected immune-directed interventions. Overall, current evidence supports a model in which non-healing DFU reflects failed host-pathogen resolution at the biofilm-immune interface, with important implications for mechanism-guided therapeutic development.
Han et al. (Fri,) studied this question.