This paper presents a field study relating to the impact that public operator cellular networks such as UMTS (Universal Mobile Telecommunication System), LTE (Long-Term Evolution), and 5G-NR (5G-New Radio) have on railway GSM-R (Global System for Mobile Communications-Railway) networks. The validation of the interference calculation relied on actual network measurements taken along railway lines using a dedicated probe. Emissions from public networks, in some scenarios, have been shown to affect GSM-R networks to a large extent. The developed algorithm is currently being used in real GSM-R network planning to mitigate this negative effect on base station coverage and service performance.
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Rouco et al. (2022) studied this question.