Formation of Normal Shock in Underexpanded Jet Issuing from Radial Nozzle with Abrupt Expansion

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This research aims to control flow fields of underexpanded jets by utilizing abrupt expansions in radial nozzles.
Conducted flow visualization and acoustic measurements using two radial nozzles with diameters of 12 mm and 16 mm.
Performed numerical analysis to investigate conditions for vertical shock wave formation in the abrupt expansion area.
Compared numerical analysis results with experimental findings regarding noise reduction and flow behavior.
Formation of a vertical shock wave in the abrupt expansion area significantly contributes to noise reduction.
Smaller diameter nozzles produce wider vertical shock waves, enhancing the noise reduction effect observed.

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Investigates shock wave formation in underexpanded jets, suggesting control over noise reduction.

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Ohkawa et al. (2026) studied this question.

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