Low-energy pion-nucleon scattering phase shifts have been calculated using a model which includes only N, N*, ρ, and ε intermediate states. This remarkably simple model yields good agreement with phase shifts determined from experimental data. There are two adjustable parameters in the model. The even s-wave scattering length fixes one of these, and the other is determined by the ρ-nucleon magnetic moment coupling. The phase shifts are not sensitive to the choice of this coupling.
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Dutta-Roy et al. (1969) studied this question.
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