A synthesis-by-rule program can be thought of as a functional model of human sentence production. The phonological component of this model accepts as input a linear string of symbols that have been produced by the semantics component, syntactic component, and lexical component of a grammar of English. This abstract representation for an utterance is transformed by the phonological component into a narrow phonetic transcription and a specification of stress levels, segmental durations, and aspects of the fundamental frequency contour.
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Dennis H. Klatt (1976) studied this question.
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