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PART I: MUSLIMS AND THE WEST: A MUTUAL ACCOMMODATION Ethnic Islam and Multiculturalism Islam as Stigma Secularized Ismal PART II: WESTERN MUSLIMS AND GLOBAL ISLAM: THE IMAGINED UMMAH The Essentialized Ummah The Virtual Ummah The Quest for Religious Authority The Reinvented Ummah
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A 2005 study studied this question.
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