What Are the Effects of Predators on Large Ungulate Populations?

So far only a few studies have documented that food limitation regulates numbers in large ungulate populations. In this review I evaluate recent predator-ungulate studies to assess the role of predators in regulation of ungulate populations, and whether the outcome of such interactions could be predicted from predator-prey models. Recent studies suggest that environmental productivity plays a role in predator-prey interactions. In order to test this hypothesis I evaluated predador-large ungulate biomass data along a northsouth gradient from arctic to tropical ecosystems