Transcription factor Zfx regulates tumor’s evasion to T cell killing in immunotherapy

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. We demonstrate that Zfx regulates expression of the apoptotic machinery, with Caspase-3 being a central element in mediating T cell killing. Mechanistically, our ChIP-Seq analyses in multiple human cancer cell lines show ZFX directly binds to the promoters of key apoptosis genes, including Caspase-3, to control their expression. Notably, ZFX expression is decreased in several human cancer tissues compared to healthy tissues. Female patients with kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) with high ZFX expression showed longer survival compared to patients with low ZFX expression. In addition, we find that higher ZFX expression in patients with melanoma correlates with a positive response to anti-PD-1 immunotherapy. Our results demonstrate a novel resistant mechanism in tumor cells, highlighting ZFX as a potential biomarker for immunotherapy response, and suggest that targeting tumor cell intrinsic resistance genes in combination with immune therapies could benefit patients with cancer.