Food purchase patterns in Nairobi before, during, and after the COVID-19 pandemic lockdown measures

The nationwide lockdown measures implemented during the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic disrupted food supply systems, potentially altering consumer purchasing behaviour. There is limited evidence quantifying these changes in low- and middle-income settings. This study aimed to examine the impact of COVID-19 on grocery purchase patterns among consumers in Nairobi. Using generalized least squares (GLS), we conducted an interrupted time series (ITS) analysis of weekly food purchase data from 2018 to 2023. The analysis considered three periods: pre-COVID (12 th January 2018–26 th March 2020), COVID (27 th March 2020–21 st October 2021), and post-COVID (22 nd October 2021–31 st December 2023). A total of 11,105,974 transactions from two supermarkets in Nairobi were classified using the NOVA food classification and linked with nutrient composition data. Compared to the pre-COVID period, characterized by declining purchases of processed culinary, unprocessed/minimally processed foods, and increasing ultra-processed food (UPF) purchases, the COVID period was associated with a short-term change toward healthier purchasing patterns, including reduced UPF, with increased processed and unprocessed/minimally processed food purchases. Nutritionally, pre-COVID trends of rising energy and carbohydrate purchases and declining proteins, calcium, iron, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, were contrasted by short-term increases during COVID in fibre, iron, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and sodium, alongside a long-term decline in carbohydrates. Proteins showed consistent short- and long-term increases, while calcium rose sharply at COVID onset but declined over time. In comparison, the post-COVID period reflected a reversal of these changes. While processed food purchases increased briefly before declining, longer-term trends showed increases in calcium, sodium, and carbohydrate purchases and decreases in energy and fat. These findings shed light on how populations adapt their food purchasing behaviors during and after global crises, offering insights that can inform future policies aimed at curbing unhealthy food purchases and strengthening food security.