Abnormalities are described in the shoulders of 11 patients up to 17 years of age who have chronic brachial plexus paralyses from birth injuries. These abnormalities include a poorly formed and hypoplastic humeral head, a short abnormally formed clavicle, and a hypoplastic elevated scapula with a shallow glenoid fossa, inferiorly directed coracoid process, and abnormally tapered acromion. Four also had subluxated shoulders.
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Reiner Radermacher (2007) studied this question.
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