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Adaptive materials in civil construction offer superior performance and high potential for 4D printing integration. Smart materials exhibit rapid response times, precise sensor applications, and real-time durability monitoring, with phase-changing materials improving thermal efficiency by 30% and self-sensing concrete detecting microstrains as low as 10 με. These materials enhance fracture toughness (50% increase), corrosion resistance (40% improvement), and fire stability (up to 1200 °C). Smart bricks incorporate phase-change materials, glazing systems, and recyclable composites, with some embedding electrodes achieving conductivity of 10–3 S/m for strain sensing. Additive manufacturing (AM) reduces material waste by 50%, enhances design flexibility (90%), and lowers the carbon footprint (40–60%). This review examines communication protocols such as Zigbee, LoRaWAN, and 5G, which enable real-time data transfer and processing. However, embedded systems in smart bricks may be vulnerable to cyber-attacks and data breaches. Ensuring security involves encryption methods, blockchain technology, intrusion detection systems to protect data integrity and network reliability, 3D-printed smart bricks, categorizing materials, and fabrication mechanisms. Integrating AM with smart materials fosters resilient, energy-efficient construction, essential for sustainable urbanization.
Kallayil et al. (Tue,) studied this question.