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Apportionment of particulate matter(PM) sources in tropical urban areas remains difficult because limited monitoring coverage and complex meteorological processes. This study explores diurnal-to-seasonal variability of PM0.6 during morning and evening, indicating fine-particle influence potentially associated with combustion-related emissions were predominant. High ratios across seasons indicate consistent influence of anthropogenic activity along the year. PM 2.5 more sensitive to temperature and relative humidity, PM 10 variability more consistent with coarse-particle processes. Meteorology appeared to play a modulating rather than dominant role in particulate variability. The 2023 emission inventory showed transportation contributed 96% of PM2.5 emissions. AERMOD simulations showed reasonable agreement (biases: PM 2.5 (23%);PM 10 (13%)) with spatial and temporal patterns, modelled hotspots generally corresponding to areas of elevated PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratios. Backward trajectory analysis indicated the continental air masses influence alongside substantial contributions from local and near-regional anthropogenic emissions during the study period. Overall, PM 2.5 /PM 10 ratios, when interpreted as fixed-site diagnostic indicators and integrated with emission inventory and dispersion modelling, can provide a useful framework for assessing source-related variability in data-limited tropical urban environments.
Dirgawati et al. (Mon,) studied this question.
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