The analysis of so-called 'strategic intentional fouls' (SIF) as well as the discussion of their validity in the normative systems of sports have a long track record. These fouls can be characterised as rule violations committed in order to be detected and which accept the corresponding sanction. However, there is an additional goal of obtaining an advantage or subsequent benefit in the competition. In fact, this practice is not infrequent and it is even occasionally accepted by the players themselves, referees, judges, sports authorities and spectators. In this work I have analysed the internal structure of SIFs (the features of an axiological gap and a 'special intention') with a view to providing a deeper understanding and stressing the differences with closely related concepts: cheating, and especially fraus legis or what in Anglo-Saxon culture is called 'spoiling the game'. Finally, I try to show some difficulties in distinguishing SIF from gamesmanship. Resumen El análisis de las llamadas "faltas estratégicas intencionadas" (SIF) [Strategic intentional fouls] así como la discusión de su validez en los sistemas normativos del deporte tienen un historial muy largo. Esta faltas se pueden caracterizar como violaciones de las reglas que son cometidas para ser detectadas y por ende aceptar la sanción correspondiente. Sin embargo, existe el objetivo adicional de obtener una ventaja o beneficio posterior en la competición. De hecho, esta práctica no es infrecuente, e incluso es aceptada ocasionalmente por los mismos jugadores, árbitros, jueces, autoridades deportivas, y espectadores. En este artículo he analizado la estructura interna de las SIF (las características de un hueco axiológico y una 'intención especial') con la intención de proveer un entendimiento más profundo y enfatizar las diferencias con conceptos cercanos: la trampa, y especialmente el "fraus legis" o lo que en la cultura anglosajona se llama el "aguar la partida" [spoiling the game]. Finalmente, intento demostrar algunas dificultades a la hora de distinguir las SIF del juego hábil. Zusammenfassung Die Analyse sogenannter strategischer absichtlicher Fouls (SIF) sowie die Diskussion in normativen Systemen des Sports über ihre Legitimität haben bereits eine lange Tradition. Diese Fouls kann man als Regelverstöße verstehen, die begangen werden, um entdeckt zu werden, und bei denen man die entsprechende Sanktion akzeptiert. Allerdings ist hiermit ein weiteres Ziel verbunden: die Erlangung eines Vorteils oder eines späteren Nutzens im Verlauf des Wettkampfs. Diese Praxis ist durchaus nicht selten und wird sogar gelegentlich von den Spielern, Schiedsrichtern, Sportoffiziellen und Zuschauern akzeptiert. In dieser Arbeit habe ich die innere Struktur der SIF (die Merkmale einer axiologischen Lücke und einer "besonderen Intention") mit dem Ziel analysiert, ein tieferes Verständnis zu ermöglichen. Des Weiteren geht es darum, die Unterschiede mit eng verwandten Konzepten zu betonen: Betrug und insbesondere fraus legis (Gesetzesumgehung) oder das, was in der angelsächsischen Kultur "Spielverderben" genannt wird. Schließlich versuche ich, Probleme bei der Unterscheidung zwischen SIF und Spielcleverness zu zeigen. Résumé L'analyse des prétendus "fautes intentionnelles stratégiques" (FIS) aussi bien que la discussion de leur validité dans les systèmes normatifs du sport ont de longs antécédents. Ces fautes peuvent être caractérisées comme des violations des règles produites pour être détectées en acceptant la sanction correspondante. Cependant, il existe un but supplémentaire dans le fait d'obtenir un avantage ou un bénéfice ultérieur dans la compétition. En fait, cette pratique est assez fréquente et est même de temps en temps acceptée par les joueurs eux-mêmes, les arbitres, les juges, les dirigeants et les spectateurs. Dans ce travail, j'ai analysé la structure interne des FIS (les caractéristiques d'un écart axiologique et "une intention particulière") avec l'idée de fournir une compréhension plus profonde et de mettre l'accent sur les différences entre des concepts étroitement liés : la tromperie et particulièrement fraus legis ou ce qui dans la culture anglo-saxone est appelé "gâter le jeu". Enfin, j'essaye de repérer quelques difficultés dans la distinction entre le FIS et l'art de gagner par astuce. Keywords: fair playgamesmanshipstrategic fouls Notes There is an easy way to solve this problem: from a conventionalist approach they are part of the game if they have been incorporated into the ethos and practice of a sport. From a formalist or literalist interpretation of rules, they are also part of sport. And finally, from a Dworkinian conception of sport, they are contrary to the real interpretation of rules since they have included the principles. A similar definition could be found in the Digesto: 'contra legem facit qui id facit quod lex prohibet, in fraus legem vero qui salvis legis verbis sententiam eius circumvenit' (against the law acts the one who does what is forbidden, in fraud of law the one who respecting the words of the law, evades its sense). See Atienza and Ruiz Manero Citation2006, 69. As happened in the case of the foul committed in the match of the last World Cup between Ghana and Uruguay. Ghana seemed certain to become the first African national team to reach the semi-finals when Uruguayan Luis Suarez was given a red card after deliberately handling on the line in the dying seconds of extra time. It was beneficial to Uruguay to suffer a penalty rather than be defeated by a goal in the last minute of the match. And luckily for Uruguay, striker Asamoah Gyan, who had already converted two penalties in the competition, skimmed the crossbar with the last attack on goal of the game. In the subsequent penalty shoot-out, Uruguay scored four goals and Ghana only two. As an anonymous reviewer brought to my attention, there could be cases where the initial intention of the player, when committing a intentional foul, is to go undetected. I think this was so in the case of Luis Suárez. For that reason he committed it surreptitiously. But he can foresee that the consequence of his action would be detected and he accepted that result as positive; even if his foul was seen and punished by a penalty, there was still net advantage: preventing the goal at a predicted lesser cost than allowing it. The acceptability of the SIF might depend on various factors, as for example if they occur late in the game or its impact in each sport: Dixon Citation2003, 121.
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José Luís Pérez Triviño (2012) studied this question.
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