The virtual power plant unit was conceptualized to allow for the more effective integration of renewable energies with the aid of co-generation power units. The virtual power unit must be able to contribute to a reliable and environmentally oriented energy supply. This paper examines the exogenous factors for the use of the virtual power plant based on the following criteria: development of the energy management system (EMS) to reach the maximum utilization ratio; reliable production of electricity, heat and cooling energy; the use of renewable energies; electric network coupling requirements of the virtual power plant; generation costs of the produced energy by the virtual power plant; and greenhouse gas emissions.
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Dielmann et al. (2005) studied this question.