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From the *Michigan Health & Hospital Association Keystone Center, Lansing, Michigan; and †Johns Hopkins Medicine, Armstrong Institute for Patient Safety and Quality; The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Departments of Anesthesiology & Critical Care Medicine, and Surgery; Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland. Correspondence: Sam R. Watson, MSA, MT, (ASCP), MHA Keystone Center, 6215 West St. Joseph, Lansing, MI 48917 (e-mail: [email protected]). Conflicts of Interest: Mr. Watson is currently receiving support through Blue Cross Blue Shield of Michigan and the Centers for Medicare Medicaid Partnership for Patients Hospital Engagement Network. Dr. Pronovost is currently receiving grant support from the Agency for Healthcare Research & Quality for quality improvement research in surgery, the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute for 5-year outcomes for acute lung injury patients, and the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation to design an integrated intensive care unit system; consulting fees from the Association of Professionals in Infection Control and Epidemiology, Inc.; and has received speaking honoraria from the Leigh Bureau and various hospital and health systems, book royalties from the Penguin Group, and board membership from the Cantel Medical Group.
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Watson et al. (2014) studied this question.
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