From Beauty to Protection: How Phenotypic Traits Influence Conservation Perceptions of Freshwater Fish

Biodiversity conservation is closely linked to human willingness to conserve individual species. However, fish, as the least visible group of vertebrates, are often overlooked, despite the fact that they constitute almost 60% of all known vertebrate species and are characterized by great morphological and color diversity. Our study aimed to identify phenotypic traits of freshwater fish that influence their attractiveness and, at the same time, the perceived need for their conservation. The research consisted of two parts: a touchscreen-based evaluation of 30 fish species followed by an online survey focusing on a selected subset of 15 species. The most attractive species were those with colorful coloration, unusual body shape and distinctive fins. Respondents also attributed a high conservation value to species with striking or unusual features. An interesting finding was that even less attractive species were able to arouse a willingness to protect them thanks to their unusual appearance, which evoked prehistoric signs and aroused a feeling of compassion. Only species with serpentine body shapes received the lowest rankings in both attractiveness and willingness to protect. Based on these findings, we recommend using attractive and atypical fish species as so-called flagship species, which can effectively support the protection and preservation of the biodiversity of freshwater ecosystems. The results also represent a starting point for the creation of educational programs that can shape positive public attitudes towards fish and their conservation.