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Purpose This study investigated the relationship between hand kinematics, hand hydrodynamic pressure distribution and hand propulsive force when swimming the front crawl with maximum effort. Methods Twenty-four male swimmers participated in the study, and the competition levels ranged from regional to national finals. The trials consisted of three 20 m front crawl swims with apnea and maximal effort, one of which was selected for analysis. Six small pressure sensors were attached to each hand to measure the hydrodynamic pressure distribution in the hands, 15 motion capture cameras were placed in the water to obtain the actual coordinates of the hands. Results Mean swimming velocity was positively correlated with hand speed ( r = 0.881), propulsive force ( r = 0.751) and pressure force ( r = 0.687). Pressure on the dorsum of the hand showed very high and high negative correlations with hand speed ( r = −0.720), propulsive force ( r = −0.656) and mean swimming velocity ( r = −0.676). On the contrary, palm pressure did not correlate with hand speed and mean swimming velocity. Still, it showed positive correlations with propulsive force ( r = 0.512), pressure force ( r = 0.736) and angle of attack ( r = 0.471). Comparing the absolute values of the mean pressure on the palm and the dorsum of the hand, the mean pressure on the dorsum was significantly higher and had a larger effect size ( d = 3.71). Conclusion It is suggested that higher hand speed resulted in a more significant decrease in dorsum pressure (absolute value greater than palm pressure), increasing the hand propulsive force and improving mean swimming velocity.
Koga et al. (2022) studied this question.