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The explicitly gauge-invariant formula for the large-scale fluctuations of the temperature of the microwave background radiation is obtained. The formula is applicable to the wide class of cosmological models (i.e., multicomponent and nonflat) based on Robertson-Walker metrics. Some specific cases are briefly discussed and in the case of general flat models the amplitudes of the multipole moments of the temperature pattern are obtained as functions of the baryonic perturbation quantities.
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Mirosław Panek (1986) studied this question.
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