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In an era where technology shapes education, effectively engaging students remains a critical challenge. Student engagement significantly impacts academic performance, yet traditional assessment methods fail to capture its multidimensional nature. This study proposes a novel Engagement Level Classification Framework (ELCF) that employs deep learning models to classify engagement into five distinct levels (H1, H2, M, L2, L1) based on behavioral indicators, emotional cues, and academic performance. A multi-modal dataset (N entries), integrating facial expressions, student behaviors, and cognitive performance, enables a holistic engagement assessment. The system further employs real-time AI-driven analysis to personalize course recommendations, adapting dynamically to student engagement states. The proposed framework was evaluated using deep learning architectures such as EfficientNetB0, CNN, and ensemble models, achieving up to 94% accuracy in engagement classification. The adaptive recommendation system attained an F1-score of 84% and a 92% hit rate, demonstrating its effectiveness in aligning content with student engagement levels. However, certain limitations remain, including potential biases in facial emotion recognition, privacy concerns in real-time monitoring, and dataset scalability constraints. Future research will focus on bias mitigation, expanding dataset diversity, and refining adaptive interventions to enhance system reliability and inclusivity. These findings contribute to the academic discourse on AI-driven student engagement monitoring, offering quantifiable evidence for the development of fair, transparent, and ethically responsible technology-enhanced learning environments.
Saleem et al. (Wed,) studied this question.