The electrochemical mechanism leading to the pseudocapacitance of in aqueous electrolyte solutions has been investigated by, in addition to electrochemical characterization, synchrotron X-ray absorption near-edge spectroscopy (XANES) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses using solution as the model electrolyte. The ferrite crystallites, prepared by a solution method, contain Mn and Fe ions randomly distributed over the tetrahedral and octahedral sites of the spinel structure and exhibit an average capacitance exceeding -ferrite. Based on the data from the in situ XANES and XRD measurements and open-circuit-potential dependence on solution pH, it is concluded that the pseudocapacitance of involves charge transfer at both the Mn- and Fe-ion sites, balanced by insertion/extraction of proton into/from the lattice. In addition, compared with electrode, the ferrite exhibits a far reduced, by , lattice expansion upon cycling.
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Kuo et al. (2006) studied this question.
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